What's a good definition of personality? How you act, how you are? Does how you act remain consistent regardless of situation? No. So you are different in different contexts, like formal versus informal. So you have to consider that in how you act. Are there consistent characteristics? Sense of humor (even if topic might not allow something really funny -- it is subjective). How do you measure personality? How others view it: their perspectives on what you are trying to achieve. So this is where you are able to see if your personality-generator is working or not: you should really be able to make your personality appear the right way for each person that you interact with (try cold reading). <br /><br />

There are parts of personality that are shaped internally and parts that are defined externally. Hippocrates - the four humors of the body. Hippocrates was looking at the pathopsychology -- he was looking at fluids and so on as they influenced the mind in disease processes (looking at the physiological manners), but it's not their entire personality. 
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Temperament models: Hippocrates, true colors, stoicism, elements, physics, Myers-Briggs (MBTI), Jung, David W. Keirsey, Jung, David W. Keirsey, Trent/Smalley, A. A. Milne, Geier/DISC, Merril/Wilson, Fromm, MBS. You can see a list in the powerpoint. Temperament is mood-based and are situationally-driven, are not always true, that type of stuff. Freud studied psychology on a empirical approach: he did psychoanalysis, via talk-therapy. All of the people that followed Freud are "psychodynamic practicioner". The second-generation after Freud are the psychodynamicists. Freud's culture was sexually repressed, so some of his theories seem kind of off, and some of us get kind of awkward, since it's all about sex, but in his culture, in the Victorian era, sexual oppression was quite intense. He thought that people were "supremely rational" but that people have an underlying need to express impulses (1) sex and (2) aggression, and for some people, both. He had two assumptions: (1) behavior is never accidental because it is psychologically determined, and (2) this behavior is a function outside a person's consciousness, they are unconscious. Freud thought underlying motivation was seeking pleasure and avoiding pain -- and these definitions are up to you, not up to the culture. Freud says there is never unintentional behavior: nothing is unintentioned. He had three levels of awareness: (1) conscious, (2) unconscious, (3) preconscious. He said consciousness was like a glacier sticking up from under the ocean. He said that preconscious was what you could reach, and the unconscious is what you cannot recall, cannot reach, all of the unacceptable thoughts, wishes, hopes, wishful thinking, where does thinking come from? From the unconscious. But when we sleep, they bubble up into the preconscious. He also said that your personality has three portions: (1) id, (2) ego, (3) superego. This is the ID - the unconscious - it is the basics of personality, it's inherited. Freud believed that the ID is the innermost core of personality that's linked to biological processes. The ID operates on thep leasure principal. It seeks immediate gratification. All of your instant impulses would be acted upon if you were ID-only. This is the unfiltered limbic brain. The screaming, tantrum kid. The ego's job is to mediate between the ID and the superego. The ego operates on "the reality principle" -- "Well, even though that person is attractive, I probably don't want to act on that impulse at this moment." It deals with the intense "ID energy" and also deals with the superego energy, comes up with something practical. The superego is that "high moral voice" -- just as pushy and obnoxious as the ID, it's the "social voice". Freud says that you are always in anxiety since it's hard to satisfy both ID and superego. In Freud's opinion, the ID was like the devil. <font color="red">Is the really devil within us? Is this accurate psychology? *cough*</font>

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Psychosexual stages - Oral stage ( to 18 mts): pleasure centers on the mouth, sucking eating, biting, chewing, anal stage (18-36 mts) - pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with demands for control. This is when kids will play with what's in their diaper. Phallic stage (3 to 6 years) - the child observes the difference between male and female and experience what Freud called the Oedipus complex. This is when they start realizing that there is a difference between men and women. This is when kids play doctor, not sex, they're just curious. Freud thought that both boys and girls love their mother as the satisfier of their basic needs and resent their father as a rival for their mother's affection. He takes "Daddy's girl" to the extreme. Latency stage (6 - puberty) -- kids are just learning other stuff, and all that sexual development pauses. Genital stage (puberty and onwards) - final stage mature stage of psychosexual development. Now the person is capable of genuine love for other people and can achieve sexual satisfactions. 

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<b>Defense mechanism</b> - the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distoring reality in psychoanalytical approach: repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalizing, displacement, sublimation. <font color="red">Autism & defense mechanisms as building mental firewalls</font>. Repression is holding back and pushing down impulses. This is the 1st line of defense. Repressed memories and repressed emotions: just don't deal with it. Regression is actually demonstrating immaturity, regressing back to a previous stage of development, like at the age of 40 going back to depend on your parents. Rationalization: substitute self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behavior. Give an excuse.<b>Reaction formation: replaces unacceptable impulses with others</b>. Projection: blaming fault on others. Displacement: mad at somebody, so yell at somebody else. Humor is a type of displacement, used to deflect. We use these in therapies. They are very handy. This is part of the legacy of Freud. 

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Neo-Freudian theorists. In agreement of basic structure and interpretation of personality, but disagree with emphasis on sex and aggression. Carl Jung - introversion and extroversion. We all have a tendency to be both, archetypes - cultural unconsciousness -- like the archetype of the hero. Karen Horney - child's primary need is for security. Alfred Adler - most important aspect is striving for perfection (and this is where we get inferiority complex).