History of psychology

See the hand-written notes for the first part, up to Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Edward Titchener, William James and his stream of consciousness, and Sigmund Freud the physiologist.

If you trace from Freud every therapy that we have, we see that it branches from Freud. There are some starts to more schools, but Freud was when we started to help people out, i.e. through psychoanalysis and therapies. Psychoanalysis is talking to a therapist, hoping that something unconsciousness will pop up so that you can look at what's going on.

<h1>Freud's Ideas: Controversy and influence.</h1>
<ul>
<li>Behavior is influenced by the unconscious</li>
<li>Unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role in behavior</li>
<li>Controversial notions caused debate/resistance</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Behaviorism</h1>
James B. Watson. Can you observe angry behavior? But can you observe anger? Can you observe personal opinions? You can observe behavior and expression, but not the thoughts themselves. This is somewhat scientific (though go look at the cognitive scientists).<br /><br />
<b>behavior</b>- overt or observable responses or activites<br /><br />
Watson was able to get babies to cry when they saw white stuff, because of some negative stimulation on the baby. Can you train a baby with stimulus and response? Albert's parents pulled him out of the program before too long. So for all we know is that there's some old man out there screaming because he saw something white, like a Qutip. "If you can't observe it, it's not science."<br /><br />
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Watson also thinked that it was <b>nurture, not nature</b>. "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring htem up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief..."<br /><br />

<b>Stimulus-response relationships</b>- synonymous with behaviorism<br />
- W/ Albert: rabbit and loud banging noise. Response? Crying. Eventually you just have to show the white rabbit, and that's going to cause crying.
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<h1>B. F. Skinner, famous behaviorist</h1><br />
<ul>
<li> Skinner went to the extreme of James B. Watson. </li>
<li> - No free will. You are 100% of a response to your environment. Things that reward you will encourage the reward. Things that are negative will discourage you. Up until this point it was said that "all men have free will, and this sets us apart from the animals." (religious/theology)</li>
<li>"Beyond Freedom and Dignity"</li>
<li>Most of the controversy was on 'freedom' and 'free will'.</li>
<li>Skinner trained pidgeons to play ping pong in a matter of moments.</li>
</ul>

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<h1>The 1950s: Opposition to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism</h1>
<ul>
<li>Humanism constructed because ... "all other psychologies treat humans like animals. We should focus on the fundamental free will / artsy nature of humanity."</li>
<li>Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
<ul>
	<li>Human potential can be reached. "You can do it" psychologists.</li>
	<li>Therapies, practices.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Humans, human potential, human growth, free will, freedom.</li>
</ul>

You can go to behaviorists for therapy to be trained to not be afraid of something. You can go to humanist psychologists to rewrite your own mind so that you can get through some struggle or issue. Ever since Freud there have been new therapies such as these.

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<h1>Cognition</h1>
<ul>
<li>Intelligence, problem solving, language acquisition</li>
<li>Mental processes involved in learning and acquiring knowledge</li>
<li>Piaget, Chomsky, Simon</li>
<li>Chomsky- developed language acquisition theories, widely used in schools and businesses</li>
<li>Application of scientific method to studying internal mental environment/events.</li>
<li>Break down your premises and ideas, and then help rewrite a pathway through your thoughts and reasoning to find something else that works and is more suitable for you.</li>
</ul>

<h1>Biological psychology</h1>
<ul>
<li>Where the drugs come from: Wellbutrin, Prozac, ...</li>
<li>Biological perspective - behavior explained in terms of physiological processes.</li>
<li>James Olds (1956) - electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional responses in animals</li>
<li>Roger SPerry (1981) - left and right brain specialization</li>
<li>Paul Broka. French surgeon and psychologist out of prison. Got to do some surgery on people that could not object. He had a patient named "Tan," because that's all the guy could say. He did some brain surgery. He poked a certain part of the brain, and "Tan" could speak. So he made the association that certain regions of the brain control certain behaviors. This was brand new and amazing. People still thought that the brain cooled the brain.</li>
<li>The Nazis also did some of that. James Old also did some of that- he stimulated the brain with electricity. They deadened the nerves around the head. You don't have many nerves around the scalp. They cut the scalp off, forward, they feel your face down below, then they cut your skull, and it's like a cereal bowl and the brain is exposed. So they would take some electrodes and poke some areas of the brain. They would then say, "Hey, that makes my hand tingel" or speak, so they started to map the brain. This was started with animals, then humans.</li>
<li>Sperry found different parts of the brain. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body. The brain is broken into two loosely held parts, known as lobes, and there's a rubber band in the middle, corpus collosum, and if you cut it you have two parts of the brain not communicating. Basically, the left side of the brain deals with language and writing, and so if you covered up your left eye, you wouldn't be able to figure it out, because it's not the correct side of the brain. So when you cut the brain into the two lobes, different functions were possible. Cutting the brain in half became a cure for stuff like epilepsy, which was good, but they could not interpret stuff, so they had to relearn how to do this. Even with your eyes open, you would be like reaching into a wall because you couldn't see what's going on.</li>
</ul>

<h1>Cultural psychology and recognizing human psych</h1>
<ul>
<li><b>Ethnocentrism</b>- viewing one's own group as superior and as the standard for judging</li>
<li>Historically: middle and upper class white males studying middle and upper class white males</li>
<li>1980s - increased interest in how cultural factors influence behavior</li>
<li>Growing global interdependence</li>
<li>How is life for you because of the group that you live in? Sociology is the study of the whole group, but cultural psychology is based on the individuals as related to the social group.</li>
<li>Increased cultural diversity</li>
</ul>


<h1>Evolutionary psych</h1>
<li>Central premise: natural selection occurs for behavior, as well as physical characteristics.</li>
<li>Adaptations of the human species over time.</li>
<li>Buss, Daly & Wilson, Cosmides & Tooby</li>
<li>Studied natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, persoanlity, and development</li>
<li>Thought provoking erspective gaining in influence, but not without criticism</li>
<li>Evo-psych is difficult because of trends over time, and it's less scientific and more like guesswork. It doesn't get as much respect as the other fields or schools of psychology.</li>
<li>Buss did stuff with "learned helplessness"- if an organism gets crushed, time after time after time for trying and they do not get anywhere, they will stop giving any effort. Learned helplessness is used in minorities and underprivledged groups, because it seems to apply ...</li>
</ul>

<h1>Positive psychology</h1>
<ul>
<li>Martin Seligman's epiphany</li>
<li>Influenced by humanism psych</li>
<li>Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.</li>
<li>Positive subjective experiences, positive individual traints, positive institutions and communities.</li>
<li>Historically, positive psychology is a branch of humanism because it came baout 20 years later or whatever, but that's not much of a distinction.</li>
</ul>

See the Table 1.1<br /><br />
John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon, James Olds, Roger Sperry, David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel, David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leda Cosmides, John Tooby
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Pavlov was doing experiments with dogs. He had dogs hooked up to "saliva collection" machines through tubes in the cheeks with the dogs, and they were being held perfectly still. He observed that the dogs were salivating before the food, because of the keys that an assistant always had on.<br /><br /><br />

<h1>Professional psychology</h1>
<ul>
<li>Psychology is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.</li>
<li>Corporate psychologists- $300k/yr? Why does this matter ?</li>
<li>APA founded in 1900. Hundreds of thousands of current members.</li>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Developmental psychology</li>
<li>Social psychology- such as in prisons and rehabilitation</li>
<li>Experimental psychology- can you make a new drug? Explanations of behavior. Applications.</li>
<li>Physiological psych- how does physiology influence thoughts? If you have a low thyroid, you're likely to have depression swings.</li>
<li>Cognitive psych</li>
<li>Personality psych</li>
<li>Psychometrics</li>
</ul></li>

</ul>