U

Was the Puritan society not virtually run by the voice of the people? Obviously there were a few people that ran the colony on a mostly democratic form. Remember the importance differences in Puritans and Separatists.

Why did Chief Powatan have John Smith captured? It was a show of power. It was staged. This set the stage until the governor came in and said that we were making it harder for to make peace with Indians.

The Quakers were pacifists, they believed in equal rights for everyone. They were tolerant. They did not believe in military service. Again, being pacificsts and being peaceful, they did not find military power as an answer. They gave Indians a better shake than anybody else. It gave them a means of giving them some direction or place of something that they would call a home.

Tell me about the English and the Spanish armada? The English “defeated” the Spanish thanks to a huge storm. What were the effects? England had the most powerful navy. They were seen as such. Did the Spanish just fall off the face of the Earth? Nah, they still maintained some of their colonies. They fell in their league of status. The colonies were used to help get the English navy strong, probably.

The Molasses Act of 1733 was made when England noticed that the colonies were making a lot of money from trading with others than England. In this triangular trade we talk about the pattern of trade and we saw that this was positive for the development of the colonies and England said that they wanted a bigger slice of that, and this molasses act said that they would only trade with Britain - anybody who wanted to trade with the colonies they had to go through Britain first, so the British were probably imposing some sort of a tax. This allowed England to become stronger economically and keep their hands on the colony. With too much power the colonies might break off, this is the law that first starts some of this. “We had a great thing going until the mother (Britain) came in and said No.”

The structure of colonial society looked like what, exactly? There were the pyramids. The criminals were at the very lowest with the indentured servants, then there were the farmers and the hard workers, then at the near top were the professionals and at the top were the public officials. We see a stratified society. We see that society is more stable in one place. We have a hierarchy set up and so we were going to stay there. This allows cities to develop and grow stronger. As more cities become developed this helps in the American revolution. This greater stratification implied less mobility - they were stuck where they were.

The impact of the rapid rapid growth in the colonies in the 18^th century. Land issues may have influenced with-hunts. As more people went to the colonies they started to gain strength and started to gain strength of their own. England feared this. They didn't want so many people over there on their own. Again, as that continued, as we see the growth of the colonies, this balance of power between the mother country and the colony, we start to see this power play starting to shift. The colonies may have seen themselves as an equal with Britain.

Okay, the Great Awakening. It was bringing more people back to religion. There were different groups like with Edwards. There were the revival system that came back in. How about education? How about education and religion? There were a few colleges, like Princeton and Rutgers. These were clergy-based or religion-based. The University of Pennsylvania was the first out of the control of the clergy. The “new light” preachers were not cautious - they were making these movements and changes and they saw this as a positive move to get the p-eople back to religion.

Most important political principle to colonies or what they would revolt for was taxation without representation. We started to wonder why we didn't have a say-so or opportunity. This is why we have the vote. Wee get to pick the people that we choose to get our leaders. Lawyers were not very popular at first, so this was a different change as soon as we started to notice that lawyers could help us write out a way to get away from Britain.

The Native Americans before Columbus, talk about early Native Americans. What do we know about them? They had stronger groups in the South American empires like the Incans and the Mayans, especially in Central America. What do we characterize their living as? Nomadic, small groups - following the herds and whatever will support them. Not a permanent settlement. What about the issue of land? They didn't really have ownership of land. What did they believe in? They believed in sharing. “If I didn't own it, I'm just here to watch it, when we leave the next group will come along to take care of it”. They had a hard time understanding the concept of ownership when the whiteman came along.

How about indentured servants and their impact on labor? These people were coming in to the society in the headright system such that they could afford to come over. Then they would work to the person that paid for their trip from England to the colonies. But usually they did not get out of their contracts. What part of our country did they go to work? North or the South? Mostly the North had the issues with indentured servants. Indentured servants also significantly contributed to the homeless population since most of them couldn't find new land fast enough since new land plots were getting smaller and smaller and smaller.

Why did people rely on indentured servants? Well, they were cheaper, and some felt the African slaves were unreliable. The indentured servants were repaying a debt, but normally they had high interest rates and sometimes they couldn't pay their debt to the person who transferred them over to the colonies. They had a slow growth of population.

Bacon's rebellion was an issue with governor Berkley who wanted to have nicer relationships with the Indians. He protected the Indians and gave Indians some property. Bacon and his groups wanted to have this land. They were upset with the governor, “you need to look out for the white guy”. This was a small rebellion that threw out Berkley from the position of governor.

Review how each country protected its colonies/investments in the New World. How did England, France, and Spain use to protect their investments? They had forts. They also had troops sent to the colonies. Attaining land and declaring it for your King is great, but how do you defend it? You bring in troops. You build forts, or outposts to protect. You need to be able to protect the boundaries. Because at this point, when we start talking about colonization, the race is on. Kind of like a new toy at Christmas that opens up 6 A.M. and how people do that mad dash. The race was on for land. But how do I take care of it and protect it? Everybody is out there and to each his own.

Jamestown was the first colony in 1607 and it was very important to England. The record for successful colonies with the English was not very successful. They named it after King James and they settled in a swamp. They settled to escape religious persecution or for their ability to practice their own religion. Once they got their they spent most of their time searching for gold. Luckily, John Smith came in and said that if you do not work you do not eat, so people stopped looking for gold as often and they were able to recover. What crop was very prominent? Tobacco. But what's the problem with tobacco? Well, it kills the land and needs lots of labor.

Is there ever a time when the Jamestown colony is in danger? Indian attacks were common. They spent the first good part of their existence dealing with diseases and Indians attacks. There were a lot of early problems with the colony until John Smith came in and made it a success.

The impact of Scandinavian seafarers in the New World, who were these people? They were looked upon as the Vikings as the first on the North America. Supposedly they were too far from their own home so they didn't colonize the lands. But these statements are questionable (apparently). There was nobody to really back the Scandinavian's statements. Who should we really give credit to discovering North America? Well, we can say that the Native Americans were really there first. We talk about historical pictures of Europeans finding North America, but that didn't really happen, since it was the Native Americans that had found it first.

We had talked about the headright system already a little bit. People brought over indentured servants and these people that brought them over got some extra land.

The colonization of sub-Saharan Africa did not really happen. It was a desert. Nobody really wanted to be there. Again, very difficult for them to colonize, and really, with that climate, it was really difficult to travel across the coast, since the waters were rough.

How about the economies of the colonies? They were agricultural-based. They dependend on a stable crop like tobacco, corn, etc. How about Spain's movement west? Why did they hafve to move to the west? “God, Gold, and Glory” - for the Crown. Portugal also wanted to get over there as well.

Spain didn't really want a conflict at first. For the most part they were still searching for a way to get out of the way of conflict.

The Dutch colony of New Netherland (later New York) was noted for something. What was it noted for? There were a lot of languages spoken on the streets and it was very tolerant. It was an ideal spot for trade. As we see the development of each of these different groups, as we have mentioned, we have talked about some of these groups that had positives that drew people to their colonies that of course increased their population.

There was a push for Protestantism with Henry VIII. At this point, Spain had reflected mostly the Catholic religion and at that point England and Spain were not the best of friends.

Case of John Peter Zenger involved the freedom of the press. This is one case where they were able to have lawyers. He pushed for the freedom of speech and expression.

The New England family and some descriptors - they married young, they had lots of children (1 every 2 years), with an 8/10 survival rate of children, there were alliances between families. Think about the New England community. They are very close-nitched. It was kind of like survival of the fittest with them. They had groups together and a large group of childrens. They became close-nit and very stable. Extended families stayed together. Again, al ot of this came from “how do we survive?” well we join together.

The Puritan elect were the people who made the decisions for people and were called the “visible saints”. They were the elect, they were the saints destined for salvation. This is probably related to Calvinism.

Go back over the notes on witchcraft. Did the responsible clergy believe the witchhunts? Probably not. Most of them saws through what was happening as a means of control or whatever it might be. Who were the most people that were accused? Poor people with mental problems. When the upper-class started to be accused they started to step back and take a look.

The founding of Maryland was a haven for catholics and they pressed toleration. Why do we thinkthis became a haven for Catholics? To get away from persecution and we were trying to start to hope that people would give Catholics a break. Maybe if we open up our doors then maybe some others would do so as well, get some more positive relationships.

The effect of slavery in the south created a gap in the social structure where the slaves were at the bottom, at the basement, until we start to see the Civil War in the 1860s. As time goes on they turn into property, not people. It's like my stage coach, like my pencil, they are a possession.

Both the Indians and the colonists were trying to get the other away. The Indian groups were quite numbered and they banned together. They were trying to get together to take on the English department. They saw the powers in numbers. They finally got the idea of getting together as a beast means of coming up with a solution.

The Chesapeake colonies and their labor - most of the indentured servants went North to the Chesapeake colonies. We have talked about New York and Pennsylvania mixed populations and the number of languages and indentured servants.

The Great Ice age, what did we know about that? It created the land bridge thing and the Native Americans got stuck and so on. IT was sort of the idea that the people were able to walk over the connecting land bridge.

Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America, what was their main means of growth? They banded together and how did they survive? What was their economic standard? Agriculture.