Structure of Matter Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure Evidence for Atomic Theory Atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical means Atomic number and mass number; isotopes Electron energy levels Atomic Spectra Quantum Numbers Atomic Orbitals Periodic Relationships Atomic Radii Ionization Energies Electron Affinities Oxidation states Chemical Bonding Binding Forces Types Ionic Covalent Metallic Hydrogen Bonding van der Walls van der Walls London dispersion forces Relationships to: States Structure Properties of Matter Polarity of Bonds / Electronegativities Molecular Models Lewis structures Valence bond Hybridization of orbitals Resonance Sigma and pi bonds VSEPR Relations of Properties to Structure Geometry of Molecules and Ions Structural Isomerism of Simple Organic Molecules Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Equations Half-lives Radioactivity Chemical Applications States of Matter Gases Laws of Ideal Gases Equation of state for an ideal gas Partial Pressures Kinetic-molecular Theory Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theory Avogadro's hypothesis and the mole concept Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperature Deviations from ideal gas laws Liquids and Solids Liquids and Solids from the Kinetic-molecular viewpoint Phase Diagrams of One-component systems Changes of state Critical Points Triple Points Structure of solids Structure of solids Lattice energies Solutions Types of Solutions and Factors Affecting Solubility Methods of expressing concentration Raoult's law and colligative properties Nonvolatile solutes Osmosis Non-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects) Reactions Reaction Types Acid-base Reactions Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis Coordination complexes Amphoterism Precipitation reactions Oxidation-reduction Reactions Oxidation number The role of the electron in oxidation-reduction Electrochemistry Electrolytic and Galvanic cells Faraday's laws Standard half-cell potentials Nernst equation Prediction of the direction of redox reactions Stoichiometry Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems Net ionic equations Balancing Equations Redox Equations Other Equations Mass and Volume relations Mole Concept Empirical Formulas Limiting Reactants Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium Physical and Chemical Le Chatelier's principle Equilibrium constants Quantative treatment Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions K(sub p) K(sub c) Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution Constants for acids and bases Solubility product constants Applications to precipitation Dissolution of Slightly Soluble Compounds Common ion effect buffers hydrolysis Kinetics Concept of Rate of Reaction Reactant Order Rate Constants Reaction Rate Laws Effect of Temperature Change on Rates The Role of Catalysts Energy of Activation Relationships between the rate-determining step and a mechanism Thermodynamics State Functions First Law Change in Enthalpy Heat of Formation Heat of Reaction Second Law Entropy Free energy of formation Free energy of reaction Dependence of change in free energy on tenthalpy and entropy changes Relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials Descriptive Chemistry Chemical Reactivity and Products of Chemical Reactions Relationships in the Periodic Table Horizontal Vertical Diagonal Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Transition Elements Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups Structure Nomenclature Chemical Properties Physical and Chemical Properties of Simple Organic Compounds Bonding Equilibria Weak Acids Kinetics Colligative Properties Stoichiometric Determinations of Empirical and Molecular Formulas Laboratory How should the formula of a compound be determined? How is the standardization of a solution made using a primary standard? How should the percentage of water in a hydrate be determined? How can molar mass be determined by vapor density? How can molar mass be determined by freezing-point depression? How can the molar volume of a gas be determined? How does one determine the concentration by acid-base titration (including weak acid or weak base)? How should concentration be determined by oxidation-reduction titration? How should the relationship between mass and mole in a chemical reaction be determined? How should the equilibrium constant be determined for a chemical reaction? How should appropriate indicators for various acid-base titrations be determined? How is pH determined? How should the rate of a reaction be determined? How should the order of a reaction be determined? How should enthalpy change associated with a reaction be determined? How should the separation and qualitative analysis of cations and anions be done? How should one synthesize a coordination compound and its chemical analysis? How should analytical gravimetric determinations be made? How should colorimetric or spectrophotometric analysises be done? How should separation by chromatography work? How should buffer solutiosn be prepared? How should the properties of buffer solutions be determined?