ClassTools for AP Chemistry: Topic Outlines

AP Chemistry builds students' understanding of the nature and reactivity of matter. After studying the structure of atoms, molecules, and ions, students move on to solve quantitative chemical problems and explore how molecular structure relates to chemical and physical properties. Students will examine the molecular composition of common substances and learn to predictably transform them through chemical reactions. AP Chemistry prepares students for the AP Exam. The content aligns to the scope and sequence specified by the College Board and to widely used textbooks.

Unit 1: Welcome to Chemistry

Lesson 1: What Is Chemistry?

Discuss: Getting Acquainted
Introduce yourself to your classmates and instructor, learn who your classmates are and why they?re taking this course, and become familiar with communicating in an online environment.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Study: States of Matter
Review key concepts about the states of matter and the classification of matter (elements, compounds, and mixtures). Become acquainted with the tools chemists use to separate mixtures.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: What Would You Call This?
Join a debate on how to classify a substance that challenges the standard definitions of solid, liquid, and gas.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Practice: What Is the AP Chemistry Course?
Learn about the content of the AP Chemistry course, explore important study tips for success in AP courses, and read about policies and procedures for taking the AP Exam.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Mastering Chemistry Skills
Review exponential notation, SI units, dimensional analysis, graphing, and algebraic operations.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Measurement in Chemistry
Learn about the measurements chemists make in the laboratory and how to express the accuracy and precision of these measurements.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Check Your Chemistry Skills
Practice problems covering the important mathematical skills needed for success in chemistry.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lab: Lab Basics
Learn about lab reports and practice gathering data.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Structure of Atoms

Study: Atomic Theory and Structure
Learn the key postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory and the historically significant experiments that verified Dalton's theory.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: Do You Trust the Data?
Review the original data from experiments used to determine the structure of the atom, then decide whether you ?believe? in atoms, based on this data.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Study: Nuclear Structure
Learn the fundamental features of the nucleus: protons, neutrons, isotopes, atomic number, and atomic mass.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Dalton: Applying Postulates
Practice your skills at calculating relative atomic masses, isotopic abundance, and numbers of protons and neutrons in various atoms.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Study: Molecules and Molecular Substances
Learn what molecules are and see how chemists represent them and name them.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Molecular Structures and Models
Answer online questions about names and representations of molecular compounds.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lesson 3: Ions

Study: Ions and Ionic Substances
Learn how to name and write formulas of ionic compounds.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Working With Ionic Compounds
Answer online questions that test your mastery of the names and representations of ionic compounds. Includes analysis of laboratory data on the mass percent water in a hydrate.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Practice: Ionic or Molecular?
Use what you've learned about ionic and molecular substances to answer questions about their names and structures.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Practice: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Welcome to Chemistry
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Welcome to Chemistry
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Welcome to Chemistry
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 30

Unit 2: Chemical Reactions

Lesson 1: Reactions in Solution

Study: Ions and Molecules in Solution
Learn about the behavior of ions and molecules in solution. See the connection between the macroscopic behavior of a solution and the microscopic behavior of the atoms or ions that make up the compound.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: What Do You Think Will Happen?
Read some data about the physical properties of two compounds; then use this data to predict the compounds? behavior as an electrolyte under various conditions. Discuss your predictions with your classmates and respond to their ideas.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Study: Chemical Equations
Learn how to write balanced chemical equations of several types: molecular equations, complete ionic equations, and net ionic equations.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Balancing a Chemical Equation
Practice balancing chemical equations as you work through a complex example step by step.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Practice: Writing Chemical Equations
Practice writing and balancing molecular equations. Complete ionic equations and net ionic equations.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Survey of Chemical Reactions

Study: Precipitation Reactions
Learn how to use the solubility rules as a vehicle for predicting the products of chemical reactions. Explore an important laboratory application of the solubility rules.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Predicting Precipitation Reactions
Given a description of a reaction, write the structures of the reactants, determine if there is a precipitate, and provide a net ionic equation if a precipitate forms.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Study: Acid-Base Reactions
Learn the vocabulary used in acid-base reactions, then review equation-writing using neutralization reactions.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Quiz: Can You Find the Acid or Base?
Answer online questions about the type of acid or base (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis) in a chemical reaction.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Learn the basic concepts of oxidation reduction (?redox?) reactions and explore four kinds redox reactions.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Oxidation Numbers and Half Reactions
Practice balancing redox reactions using the half-reaction method.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Lab: Activity Series
Observe various chemical reactions in an activity series.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Predicting Reaction Products
Do an integrative exercise to decide if a reaction occurs. If a reaction occurs, give a balanced net ionic equation for the formation of any products. If no reaction occurs, explain why.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Practice: Chemical Reactions
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Chemical Reactions
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Chemical Reactions
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Chemical Reactions
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 32

Unit 3: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Lesson 1: Masses and Moles

Study: Weights and Masses
Learn how to use atomic mass units to calculate molecular weight and formula weight.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Calculating Weights and Masses
Answer online questions involving calculations of formula weight, molecular weight, and molar mass
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: The Mole Concept
Learn about the basic unit of chemical calculations: the mole. Extend your understanding by exploring related ideas such as Avogadro's number and molar mass.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: How Big Is a Mole?
Devise fun ?mole? problems (such as ?a mole of chocolate cookies would circle the globe X times?), solve the problem, and explain how you solved it. Propose and discuss alternate solutions to someone else's example.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Lesson 2: Calculations With Chemical Equations

Study: Mole Calculations
Learn more about the ?Mole Concept? by applying it to advanced problems, such as mass percentage or determination of empirical and molecular formulas. Conduct a simulated synthesis and analysis of a simple compound.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Grams, Moles, and Formulas
Answer problems using calculations that relate amounts of products and reactants.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Study: Stoichiometry, Part I
Explore the relationship between the mole concept and chemical reactions. Learn strategies for relating the amount of reactant and product in a chemical equation.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Quiz: How Much Will It Take?
Answer a set of stoichiometry problems.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 10

Lab: Analysis of a Silver Alloy
Analyze the silver found in an alloy using proper lab techniques.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Study: Stoichiometry, Part II
Explore laboratory applications of stoichiometry by carrying out a simulated oxidation-reduction titration to standardize a solution of potassium permanganate.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Study: Synthesis and Analysis of an Iron(III) Compound
Explore a laboratory simulation of the synthesis of a transition metal-ligand complex. Analyze data for the determination of metal, ligand, and water of hydration to find the formula of the complex.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Lab: Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants
Practice finding coefficients for two chemical reactants which would appear in balanced chemical equations.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Discuss: Share Your Secrets
Share your tips and tricks for solving stoichiometry problems.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Practice: Chemical Calculations
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 20

Unit 4: Thermochemistry

Lesson 1: Overview of Thermochemistry

Study: Energy: Definitions and Units
Learn about four kinds of energy: kinetic, potential, internal, and heat energy.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Exploring Energy and Its Units
Complete a set of problems involving calculations of energy and conversion between energy units
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: First Law of Thermodynamics

Study: First Law, Part I
Learn about enthalpy and enthalpy change. Use these concepts to explore heat capacity, specific heat, and heat of reaction.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Quiz: Using the First Law
Answer questions that require you to practice the calculations presented in this lesson.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: First Law, Part II
Learn how to apply the concept of enthalpy to more complex chemical systems, including calorimetry, heat of formation, and Hess's Law.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Thermochemistry
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Study: Thermochemical Calculations
Use the first law of thermodynamics in a laboratory simulation in which you determine the heat of solution of an ionic compound.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Lab: Hess's Law and Thermochemistry
Use data from various chemical reactions to verify Hess's law.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Discuss: Heat and Temperature: What Is the Difference?
Explain in your own words what ?heat? and ?temperature? really mean, and respond to your classmates? definitions.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Practice: More Thermochemical Calculations
Complete a set of thermochemistry problems.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Thermochemistry
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Thermochemistry
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Thermochemistry
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 22

Unit 5: Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Lesson 1: The Nature of Matter

Study: Light: Waves and Photons
Learn about important features of light, including frequency, wavelength, and quantization.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Energy, Frequency, and Wavelength
Answer online questions involving relationships between energy, frequency, and wavelength.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Discuss: What Is a Color?
Discuss a question about light and color that will stretch your understanding of these two concepts.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Study: Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Learn why atomic line spectra are evidence for the quantization of electron energy levels and energy level transitions.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Spectrophotometry
Explore a laboratory simulation of spectrophotometry, and learn about Beer's Law in the context of determining the concentration of chlorophyll in an unknown solution.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Lesson 2: Quantum Theory

Study: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Learn the basic principles of quantum mechanics, quantum numbers, and atomic orbitals.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals
Answer questions about allowed combinations of quantum numbers, size, and shape of atomic orbitals, and so on.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Electron Energy Levels
Extend your understanding of quantum mechanics to the electronic structure of atoms. Learn about the electron configuration of atoms and see how the periodicity of the elements can be explained by their electron configurations.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Electron Configuration
Answer free-response questions about electron configuration.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Structure and Periodicity

Study: Periodic Trends and Electronic Structure
Learn about important periodic trends including atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Periodic Trends
Explore periodic trends in chemical and physical properties of the elements by completing a series of interactive exercises.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Lab: Quantitative Spectroscopy
Quantitatively observe and measure the spectra of various elements.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Periodicity and Structure
Answer several essay questions about key concepts in this lesson and their relationship to concepts introduced in the previous lesson.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 40

Unit 6: Chemical Bonding

Lesson 1: Representations of Chemical Bonds

Study: Lewis Structures
Learn to write electron dot structures for atoms. Use the octet rule to write electron dot structures for molecules, including ones with more than one resonance form.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Lewis Structures
Answer questions about Lewis electron dot structures of atoms and molecules.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Practice: Drawing Lewis Structures
Practice drawing Lewis electron dot structures of atoms and molecules (including resonance forms).
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Types of Chemical Bonds

Study: Covalent Bonding
Learn about bonding in molecules, and use electronegativity to predict the relative polarity of covalent bonds.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Covalent Bonding
Answer questions about covalent bonding.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Ionic Bonding
Learn about bonding in ionic compounds. Explore lattice energy and its calculation using the Born-Haber Cycle.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Lab: Drawing Lewis Structures
Practice drawing more Lewis structures.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Covalent and Ionic Bonding
Work several problems on key concepts in this unit.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: More About Bonding

Study: Properties of Covalent Bonds
Learn about three more features of covalent bonds: bond length, bond order, and bond energy.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Properties of Covalent Bonds
Answer questions about bond length, bond order, and bond energy.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Practice: Chemical Bonding
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lab: Chromatography of Caffeine in Beverages
Measure the amounts of caffeine in different beverages.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Chemical Bonding
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Chemical Bonding
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Chemical Bonding
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 20

Unit 7: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties

Lesson 1: Bonding and Molecular Shape

Study: Valence Bond Theory
Learn how to describe a bond as the overlap of atomic orbitals and why chemists use hybrid orbitals to explain some kinds of bonds.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Valence Bond Theory
Answer questions about bonding and hybrid orbitals.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Practice: Molecular Orbital Theory
Supplementary readings with practice problems.
Duration: 2hr 30min Scoring: 0

Study: VSEPR and Molecular Shape
Learn how to use the central atom, bonding electron pairs, and lone electron pairs to predict the shape and polarity of molecules.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Molecular Structure and Shape
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Using VSEPR
Practice drawing 3D structures of molecules and assigning shape names to molecules whose structures are shown.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Isomerism

Study: Types of Isomers
Learn about the two main classes of isomers: structural isomers and stereoisomers.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: What Kind of Isomer?
Share your strategies for classifying molecules according to isomer type.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Quiz: Types of Isomers
Answer online questions about isomers.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 20

Unit 8: The Gaseous State

Lesson 1: Gases and Gas Laws

Study: The Nature of Gases
Learn about the properties of gases, with emphasis on pressure and the common units of pressure.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Gas Pressure
Answer questions about gases and gas pressure.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Empirical Gas Laws
Survey of mathematical laws that describe the relationship of the pressure, temperature, volume, and amount of a gas.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro
Complete a set of problems that use the three empirical gas laws.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Study: The Ideal Gas Law
Derive the ideal gas law from empirical gas laws. Use the ideal gas law in a laboratory simulation of the determination of the molecular weight and molar volume of a gas.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Using the Ideal Gas Law
Answer questions on terms in the ideal gas law. Work multiple-choice questions that integrate stoichiometry and the ideal gas law.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Practice: Working With the Gas Laws
Complete a set of problems that involve the empirical gas laws and the ideal gas law.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: More About Gases

Study: Gas Mixtures
Learn about Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure and its application.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Dalton: Applying the Law of Partial Pressure
Answer questions about gas mixtures.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Kinetic Molecular Theory
Learn about the basic postulates of kinetic molecular theory and the molecular behavior of ideal and real gases.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: The Behavior of Gases
Answer questions about the behavior of real and ideal gases.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lab: Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid
Use the ideal gas law to measure the molecular mass of volatile liquids.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Discuss: Where Is the Boundary?
Discuss the definitions of real and ideal gases.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: The Gaseous State
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: The Gaseous State
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: The Gaseous State
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 31

Unit 9: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Lesson 1: Liquids and Solids

Study: Properties of Liquids
Learn about intermolecular forces and the macroscopic phenomena that result from them, such as miscibility, surface tension, and viscosity.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Intermolecular Forces
Answer questions that relate the structure and chemical properties of liquids.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Structures of Solids
Learn about the classification of solid structures (crystalline and amorphous), types of crystalline solids, and physical properties of solids.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Solid Structures
Answer questions about the structure and properties of solids.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Practice: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lesson 2: Phase Transitions

Study: Changes of State
Learn about vapor pressure, boiling, and melting as molecular processes. Learn to interpret phase diagrams as descriptions of states of matter as a function of P and T.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Brainbuilder: Phase Diagrams
Learn to draw and interpret phase diagrams.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 0

Lab: Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water
Use equipment to measure the vapor pressure of water at various temperatures.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Enthalpy of Phase Changes
Complete a set of problems on integrating phase transitions and the first law of thermodynamics.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 26

Unit 10: Review and Exam

Lesson 1: AP Chemistry Semester 1

Review: AP Chemistry Semester 1
Review concepts and skills learned in Units 1-9, to prepare for the Semester Final.
Duration: 4hr Scoring: 0

Exam: AP Chemistry Semester 1
Take a two-hour exam covering material in Units 1-9.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 300

Unit 11: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions

Lesson 1: Behavior of Solutions

Study: Formation of Solutions
Discover what happens at the molecular level as ionic and molecular compounds dissolve.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Solutions and Solution Behavior
Demonstrate your understanding of common concentration units and the behavior of solutions by answering a set of numerical and conceptual questions.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Chemical and Physical Properties of Solutions

Study: Colligative Properties
Learn how solutes affect a solution's vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Lab: Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression
Measure molecular mass and determine the freezing point depression constant.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Solutes and Solvents
Solve problems that integrate key concepts and ideas of this unit.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Practice: Properties of Solutions
Complete a crossword puzzle.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 25

Unit 12: Equilibrium

Lesson 1: Behavior of Equilibrium Systems

Study: What Is Equilibrium?
Learn about the dynamic reversibility of many chemical reactions. Investigate chromatography, an important laboratory application of equilibrium.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Systems
Answer online questions about reversible reactions and the meaning of equilibrium.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Equilibrium Constants
Learn the definitions of Kc, Kp, and Q. Use these definitions in a laboratory simulation of the determination of an equilibrium constant.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: How Do You Define Equilibrium?
Share your ideas about the meaning of the term ?equilibrium?.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Lab: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant
Measure the equilibrium constant for a complex ion.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Working With the Equilibrium Constant
Complete a set of conceptual and quantitative problems about the equilibrium constant.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Quantitative Approaches to Equilibrium

Study: Calculations Involving Kc and Kp
Learn a number of methods for finding concentrations of species in a reaction using Kc or Kp.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Equilibrium Calculations
Complete a problem set using the quantitative tools presented in this lesson.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Study: LeChatelier: Principle of Equilibrium and Stress
Learn how a change in reaction conditions can affect the direction of a reaction at equilibrium.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: LeChatelier: Applying the Principle
Use your knowledge of LeChatelier's Principle to answer multiple-choice questions about how an equilibrium system is affected by changes in T, P, V, or concentration of a reactant or product.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lab: LeChatelier's Principle
Apply stress to various equilibrium series, and then use LeChatelier's Principle to predict the effects.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Advanced Topics in Equilibrium

Study: Solubility Product Constants
Learn quantitative tools for expressing the solubility of a solute in a solution.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
Explore an important laboratory application of Ksp by learning how chemists separate and identify the cations in a mixture.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Common Ion Effect
Learn to solve equilibrium problems involving a common ion.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: The Language of Equilibrium
Complete a crossword puzzle.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lab: Determination of the Solubility Product
Use a microscale techniques to determine the solubility product of calcium hydroxide.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Applications of Equilibrium
Integrated problem-solving exercise using topics and concepts from the entire unit.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Equilibrium
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 3hr Scoring: 0

Test: Equilibrium
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Equilibrium
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 40

Unit 13: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium

Lesson 1: The Nature of Acids and Bases

Study: Introduction to Acids and Bases
Learn about pH and pOH, the pH scale, and acid-base indicators.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Measuring Acidity and Basicity
Answer online questions about pH, pOH, and acid-base indicators.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lesson 2: Acid-Base Equilibrium

Study: Acid and Base Dissociation
Learn about the ionization of water, the relationship of pH and pOH, and the definitions of Ka and Kb. Discover how Ka and Kb relate to the strength of an acid or base.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Working with Kw, Ka, and Kb
Complete a set of problems that assess your understanding of the ionization of water and of acid and base dissociation constants.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations

Study: Calculations Involving Ka or Kb
Extend your understanding of solution equilibrium to systems involving acids or bases.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Finding Concentrations Using Ka or Kb
Practice using Ka or Kb to find the concentration of species in solution.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Study: Acid-Base Titrations
Learn an important laboratory method for determining the concentration of an acid or base.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Understanding Titration Curves
Answer online questions about titration curves and acid-base indicators.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lab: Dissociation of Weak Acids
Measure the acid dissociation constant of a weak acid.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Lesson 4: Advanced Topics in Acid-Base Equilibrium

Study: Polyprotic Acids
Learn how to solve acid-base equilibrium problems using molecules with more than one ionizable proton.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Discuss: What Makes This Hard?
Share your ideas and tricks about how to work with acids having more than one Ka.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 15

Study: Buffers
Learn all about buffers: what they are, how they work, how to make them in the laboratory, and how to calculate pH of buffer solutions.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Lab: Analysis of an Unknown Acid
Use good titration techniques to gather information about an unknown acid.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Solving Buffer Problems
Solve problems involving buffer calculations.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 5: Wrap-Up

Review: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 3hr Scoring: 0

Test: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 6: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 40

Unit 14: Chemical Kinetics

Lesson 1: Rate and Rate Laws

Study: Basic Principles of Kinetics
Learn about reaction rate, rate laws, and factors that affect the reaction rate.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Rates and Rate Laws
Answer online questions about rates and rate laws.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Understanding Rate Laws
Learn how concentration affects reaction rate, and learn how to determine the rate of a reaction using two different methods.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Study: Graphing Kinetic Data
View a laboratory simulation of the kinetics of an organic reaction. Analyze the data to determine the rate constant and the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Working With Rates and Rate Laws
Solve problems involving kinetics calculations.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Energy and Rate Relationships

Study: Temperature and Rate
Learn the underlying molecular basis for the effect of temperature on reaction rate.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: Temperature and Rate
Answer online questions about rate and temperature.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lab: Study of the Kinetics of a Reaction
Use microscale techniques to determine the kinetics of a reaction.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Rate Laws and Chemical Reactions

Study: Reaction Mechanisms
Learn about reaction mechanisms, deducing the rate law from the mechanism, and the effect of catalysts on the rate and the mechanism.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Rate Laws and Mechanisms
Explore the relationship between reaction mechanisms and rate laws in more depth as you work through more challenging examples.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Mechanism and Rate
Answer numerical and conceptual questions about rates, rate laws, and mechanisms.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Practice: Kinetics Terms
Complete a crossword puzzle.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Chemical Kinetics
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 2hr 30min Scoring: 0

Test: Chemical Kinetics
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Chemical Kinetics
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 30

Unit 15: Thermodynamics

Lesson 1: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Study: Energy and Spontaneity
Learn about the effect of entropy on reaction spontaneity.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: The Limitations of Enthalpy
Answer online questions about energy and spontaneity.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Study: Entropy and Entropy Change
Learn about entropy and entropy change in chemical reactions and phase transitions.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Working With Entropy
Numerical and conceptual questions about entropy and spontaneity.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Equilibrium and Thermodynamics

Study: Free Energy and Equilibrium
Learn a mathematical approach to spontaneity that incorporates enthalpy and entropy. Learn about the relationship between Delta G and Kc or Kp.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: The Language of Thermodynamics
Complete a crossword puzzle.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 0

Practice: Integrating Delta G and Keq
Numerical and conceptual questions about free energy and equilibrium.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Thermodynamics
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Thermodynamics
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Thermodynamics
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 25

Unit 16: Electrochemistry

Lesson 1: Voltaic Cells

Study: The Activity Series of Metals
Apply your knowledge of redox reactions to a laboratory simulation in which you determine the relative oxidation strength of a group of metals.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Voltaic Cells
Learn about electrochemical cells, a method for describing these cells, and how to write redox reactions using standard cell notation.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: Tips and Tricks
Share your ideas about how to write and interpret electrochemical cells.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Practice: Writing and Balancing Electrochemical Cell Reactions
Practice your skills at writing standard cell notations.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 2: Equilibrium and Electrochemical Reactions

Study: Calculations Involving Voltaic Cells
Learn how the potential of electrochemical cells varies with the concentration of reactants.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Study: The Nernst Equation
Explore the experimental applications of the Nernst equation by using simulated voltaic cells to conduct measurements of electrochemical potential under various concentration conditions.
Duration: 1hr 15min Scoring: 0

Lab: Electrochemical Cells
Learn more about electrochemical cells.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Working With Electrochemical Cells
Solve problems involving concepts and skills from the lessons in this unit.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Electrochemistry
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 2hr 30min Scoring: 0

Test: Electrochemistry
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Electrochemistry
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 36

Unit 17: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry

Lesson 1: The Nature of Radioactivity

Study: Radioactivity
Learn about radioactive isotopes and the types of radioactive decay.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Study: Nuclear Equations
Learn to write balanced equations for radioactive decay processes.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Quiz: Balancing Nuclear Equations
Answer online questions about nuclear equations.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10

Lesson 2: Kinetics and Energetics of Nuclear Reactions

Study: Rate of Radioactive Decay
Review important concepts and kinetics and see how they are applied to nuclear reactions.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Practice: Nuclear Chemistry
Solve problems that integrate key concepts and ideas of this unit.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40

Lesson 3: Organic Chemistry

Study: Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups
Learn about alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cyclic hydrocarbons, and other important functional groups.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Discuss: Hydrocarbons and You
Share your ideas about the possibility of life forms based on elements other than carbon.
Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15

Study: Isomers and Nomenclature
Learn about structural and stereoisomerisms, and the IUPAC system of nomenclature.
Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 0

Lab: Organic Chemistry
Prepare and identify esters, then calculate their theoretical yield.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Practice: Organic Chemistry Problems
Solve problems that integrate key concepts and ideas of this lesson.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry
Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.
Duration: 2hr Scoring: 0

Test: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry
Take a 50-minute test.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry
Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.
Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 36

Unit 18: AP Chemistry Course Review

Lesson 1: Final Course Review

Review: AP Chemistry Semester 2
Review concepts and skills learned throughout the course to prepare for the AP Exam.
Duration: 10hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: AP Practice I
Practice AP-style multiple-choice questions based on material from the first semester.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 30

Practice: The Language of Chemistry
Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from the entire course.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 0

Quiz: AP Practice II
Practice AP-style multiple-choice questions based on material from the second semester.
Duration: 1hr Scoring: 30

Practice: AP Practice III
Practice AP-style free-response questions.
Duration: 2hr 30min Scoring: 40

AP Exam Practice
Take a self-proctored, full-length AP-style practice exam
Duration: 3hr Scoring: 0

Final Exam: AP Chemistry Semester 2
Take a three-hour test covering material in the entire course.
Duration: 3hr Scoring: 300