Instructions

Answer the following questions using your knowledge of cellular structure and function along with any other useful area of knowledge. Choose the letter of the best answer to the question. The best answers are the ones which are not the most general out of the selection. In other words, the best answers are the ones which provide a specific and correct answer. Disclaimer: This is not a disclaimer.

  1. How are chromosomes formed?

    1. Chromosomes are formed by DNA molecules wrapping around centromeres, which eventually leads to condensed chromatin, and then further down the timeline the condensed chromatin, DNA wrapped around the histones, combine in the familiar form of a chromosome.

    2. Chromosomes are the result of mRNA translation.

    3. Chromosomes are formed by DNA molecules wrapping around centrosomes, which eventually leads to condensed chromatin, and then further down the timeline the condensed chromatin, DNA wrapped around the histones, combine in the familiar form of a chromosome.

    4. Chromosomes are formed when two DNA-wrapped histones collide. These histones have an incredible speed which releases an equally incredible amount of energy to produce the chromosome.

    5. Chromosomes are formed by DNA molecules wrapping around histones, which eventually leads to condensed chromatin, and then further down the timeline the condensed chromatin, DNA wrapped around the histones, combine in the familiar form of a chromosome.

  2. How is the centromere important in mitosis?

    1. The centromere is a site on the chromosome where the genes are stored.

    2. The centromere provides the location on the chromosome where the mitotic spindle and spindle fibers attach.

    3. The centromere is the place where kinetochore fibers “grow” from.

    4. The centromere serves no purpose. It's extra, hence doesn't help.

    5. In mitosis, chromosomes need a way to travel to one end of the cell when the chromosomes are being split. Only the centromere provides a way to organize the microtubules to help the chromosomes move.

  3. How does one distinguish sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes?

    1. A sister chromatid is the sister of the homologous chromosome (the brother).

    2. Sister chromatids are the monomers of homologous chromosomes which serve to recreate sister chromatids in division.

    3. The sister chromatid is really a guy, and the homologous chromosome is really the woman, or the sister. When these two combine, they create the familiar XY or XX chromosome.

    4. The homologous chromosome has duplicated loci. The sister chromatid has one half of these loci.

    5. A sister chromatid is a part of a chromosome. A homologous chromosome is not a part of a chromosome.

  4. How does the cell plate play a role in the mitosis of plant cells?

    1. In animal cells, especially during metaphase, there have to be imaginary plates at which some objects align. In plant cells, these are the cell plates.

    2. Cell plates separate the chromosomal inheritance factors on which they are served.

    3. The cell plate is the object which separates two plant cells.

    4. The cell plate is the way by which plant cells, during the completion of or after the completion of mitosis, go through a form of cytokinesis.

    5. The cell plate is the result of the old age and decomposing cell wall.

  5. How does metaphase play a role in mitosis?

    1. Metaphase is completely imaginary and taught only to help the students understand the events going on.

    2. Metaphase aligns the centrioles in a polar manner.

    3. It launches histones (missile-like objects in this case) at the spindle fibers.

    4. Metaphase is the phase where the chromosomes align along an imaginary plate.

    5. Metaphase is the phase where the chromosomes align along a physical plate developed in the cell. In plant cells, this would be the cell plate.

  6. How does anaphase play a role in mitosis?

    1. Anaphase is the means by which the cell condenses the chromatin.

    2. Anaphase keeps the mitotic process going, it's like an engine.

    3. During mitosis, anaphase is the means by which metaphase and telophase are initiated simultaneously.

    4. During anaphase, the histones break apart.

    5. Anaphase is the phase wherein chromosomes separate.

  7. How does the cleavage furrow play a role in cytokinesis?

    1. The cleavage furrow is where the cell starts to expand, an abnormality when one considers the overall surface of the cell membrane.

    2. The cleavage furrow process helps develop the mitotic plate and cell plate, depending on the external and internal influences that may or may not be made of beans, pickles, or cucumbers.

    3. In cytokinesis, the cleavage furrow chooses to dig into the cell and break apart the cell strand by strand, hence cleaning up the mess of mitotic spindle fibers and anything else that may be keeping the two cells together.

    4. The cleavage furrow is the development which ultimately separates the two cells from each other.

    5. It helps develop the cell plate.

  8. How is the g0 phase important towards the cell's fulfillment of its purpose?

    1. The g0 phase is the phase where the cell begins to divide thanks to cytokinesis.

    2. The g0 phase is a phase wherein the cells exist in a state that is like a waiting list to get back into the g1 phase.

    3. The g0 phase is the phase where the cell begins to grow in preparation for cellular division.

    4. Based on the hyper-relay factors of beans and the obvious dimensional analysis of hydraulic systems, the g0 phase is primarily concerned with the development of unstable ionic bonds between the chromosomes and the cells.

    5. The g0 phase is just the way we count the phases and doesn't really exist in real life.

  9. How is the g1 phase important towards the cell's fulfillment of its purpose?

    1. The g1 phase is the cell's first growth phase which helps the cell prepare for cellular division which includes competence, entry, progression, and assembly.

    2. The g1 phase produces precisely twenty one ATP molecules which are used to power the cell during cellular division and hence create a new, exact replication of the parent cell, which in turn donates the equivalent ATP back such that no energy is lost in the original cell.

    3. In order for the cell to complete reproduction, it needs materials.

    4. The g1 phase is the cell's first non-growth phase which starts with disassembly of the nucleus, progression of the mitotic spindle's removal, and exit of the entire cell cycle.

    5. The g1 phase is the same thing as meiosis 1 & 2.

  10. How is the g2 phase important towards the cell's fulfillment of its purpose?

    1. It produces the mitotic spindle to maintain cellular structure during division.

    2. The g2 phase is another preparation phase for cellular division.

    3. The g2 phase is a phase where the effects of g1 are inverted, kind of like the action of a rocket ship using the gravitational force of the moon like a sling shot as a ride back to earth.

    4. It is a short preparation phase measured in minutes before every single instance of meiosis.

    5. The g2 phase is the third step in Interphase.

  11. How is the S phase important towards the cell's fulfillment of its purpose?

    1. The S phase produces anticodons that attach to codons to better facilitate gene expression for the chromosomal basis of inheritance in the membrane.

    2. The S phase is when RNA is replicated.

    3. It produces cellular signals which interact with the cell and hence trigger the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

    4. The S phase is when DNA is replicated.

    5. It bares no relevance on the cell cycle.

  12. How does crossing-over contribute to genetic variation?

    1. Crossing over happens during cytokinesis.

    2. Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by transferring loci positions.

    3. Crossing-over is the fundamental method by which populations change over time.

    4. Crossing over happens sometime in mitosis.

    5. Crossing over increases genetic variation.

  13. How can mitosis be described?

    1. At some point, mitosis decides to get out of bed and start the events to separate the cells from each other. First, mitosis is like a commander and scares all of the little chromatin and they shrivel up to form chromosomes. This, of course, is contrary to what mitosis wanted, and so mitosis yells at the chromosomes to make them separate. It takes some effort, but mitosis does it, and there are two gatherings of chromosomes. Mitosis slacks off a bit, cytokinesis comes in, and it's all down hill from there.

    2. Mitosis is the grouping of the processes which include: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

    3. Mitosis is the grouping of the processes which include the phases: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

    4. Mitosis occurs through the use of energy and enzymes.

    5. Mitosis is the entirety of the cell cycle.

  14. How should one describe interphase?

    1. Interphase is an important phase in mitosis.

    2. Interphase is the phase in the cell cycle that is the least dwelt-in.

    3. Interphase contains processese like cytokinesis, growth, and others required for mitosis to occur.

    4. Interphase is responsible for cell growth and separation for mitosis to occur.

    5. Interphase is the phase in which cells undergo growth in preparation for mitosis.

  15. How is prophase a vital part of mitosis?

    1. Prophase is the process that begins chromatin condensation.

    2. During prophase, the genetic material is duplicated.

    3. Prophase the part of mitosis where the centrosomes start to collect microtubules.

    4. Prophase is not a vital part of mitosis and can be left out without major problems in the cell cycle.

    5. It is within prophase that chromosomes are decomposed.

  16. How do chromosomes act during telophase?

    1. They go through transcription.

    2. Chromosomes are used to form the new nuclei.

    3. Chromosomes unpack into chromatin.

    4. The homologous chromosomes are pulled apart at the kinetochores.

    5. They jump start the cell cycle.

  17. How does independent assortment contribute to genetic variation?

    1. The sperm cells and ova are directly influenced by independent assortment.

    2. Independent assortment is how the cells use the mitotic spindle to influence where chromosomes go and how they replace each other's parts. This replacing of parts is critical to the concepts of chromosomal inheritance and independent assortment.

    3. It causes chromosomes to interact with one another. This interaction of chromosomes develops into future behavior patterns in the chromosomes thus relating to how they carry out gene expression.

    4. In order for cells to survive, they must have the optimal frequency of population control sequences. These population control sequences are slightly verified by the fact that the chromosomes indeed have loci. These loci can influence how chromosomes move and hence modify the population control sequences. Only the chromosomes that correctly modify the population control sequences to influence a positive gain in frequency survive throughout the generations of a eukaryotic organism.

    5. The gametes can end up with any number of paternal or maternal chromosomes hence contributing to genetic variation.

  18. How does the mitotic spindle play a role in mitosis?

    1. The mitotic spindle maintains the structure of the cell.

    2. The mitotic spindle maintains the structure of the imaginary plane in metaphase.

    3. The mitotic spindle serves to prove our theory of the imaginary metaphase phase.

    4. It produces protein blocks which are used to influence the structure of the cells that will result from the division process to assure that the new cells will have the proper (optimal) structure.

    5. The mitotic spindle keeps track of chromatin and in the later stages of mitosis, chromosomes. The mitotic spindle controls how the chromosomes are formed, hence the original need for the mitotic spindle to keep track of chromatin.

  19. How are histones involved in cell division and why might they be important?

    1. Histones wrap around each other and form chromosomes. The importance of chromosomes is due to their use in gene expression and carrying DNA from one generation to the next.

    2. Histones wrap around centrosomes to form chromosomes. The centrosomes are used to produce the mitotic spindle, which keeps the structures of the cells.

    3. Histones travel around centromeres to form chromosomes. Centromeres are important because they assemble kinetochore fibers.

    4. Histones are the building blocks of chromosomes. The importance of chromosomes is found in their use in gene expression and carrying DNA from one generation to the next.

    5. Histones produce centromeres. Centromeres are important because they assemble kinetochore fibers.

  20. How are centrioles important in the cell division process of mitosis and male meiosis?

    1. During cellular division, the cell needs a way to maintain its structure. Centrioles are the direct implementation of a means to maintain structure.

    2. Centrioles are important because they keep the chromosomes together.

    3. They are important in the cell division process because they are a means of organizing the mitotic spindle when two form the centrosome.

    4. The importance of the centrioles is in the fact that they moderate the process.

    5. Centrioles organize the microtubules of the cell.

  21. How would one describe the cell plate near its creation and destruction in cellular division?

    1. The cell plate is a gooey barrier during cellular division. It breaks down into the nucleus of the new plant cell when it has served its purpose.

    2. The cell plate is impermeable at first, however near the latter stages of cellular division, it contributes to the development of the cell's protein synthesis `machines`.

    3. The cell plate is an impermeable barrier and remains impermeable. In practical terms, this means that the cell plate starts to develop and is not broken apart by external forces (influences).

    4. At first the cell plate is flexible. After a while it turns into the stiff cell wall.

    5. The cell plate is the same thing as the cell wall. It serves as a flexible barrier in the plant cell at all times.

  22. How does cytokinesis play a role in cell division?

    1. Cytokinesis is the splitting of a recently divided cell from metaphase.

    2. It is a process that involves centromeres, centrosomes, and chromosomes to ultimately create two new cells and stop the effects of the cell signaling coming from hormonal influences in the outside, or even inside, cellular environments.

    3. Cytokinesis is the process where the resulting cells ultimately divide and pinch a part.

    4. Cytokinesis is the inverse action of the development of a plant cell's cell plate. For example, when the cell plate starts to develop, and for some reason cytokinesis jumps in, the cell plate starts to become more and more deformed and create a change in the stability of the plant cell thus allowing for the cellular division to take place more fluidly. This ultimately creates two new cells.

    5. Cyotkinesis is a process that involves kinetochore fibers to divide and control the mitotic plate, the imaginary plane in metaphase. Cytokinesis starts off by latching the kinetochore fibers around the chromosomes on the plane and starts to move them in specific patterns to better facilitate the development of the cellular division.

  23. How are kinetochore fibers built?

    1. Kinetochore fibers consist of protein blocks.

    2. They are built through the processes involved in spindle assembly.

    3. The process of division requires little strands of things that connect from the chromosomes to the imaginary mitotic plate to better facilitate the process entirely. The kinetochore fibers are built by proteins that satisfy the imaginary mitotic plate requirements, which we can observe with a light microscope, and hence allow cell division to continue without triggering the spindle checkpoint signal.

    4. Kinetochores form at the centromeres of chromosomes.

    5. Kinetochores form at the centrosomes.

  24. How does the cell cycle explain the life of a cell?

    1. The cell cycle explains the stages that a cell undergoes throughout the mitotic process.

    2. There cell cycle is a concept developed by humans that doesn't actually have any real connection with reality and instead is most suited for theoretical physics and the related quantum statistical fields.

    3. The cell cycle explains the stages that a cell undergoes throughout its life.

    4. The cycle refers to the ability for a cell to reappear in the circle of life.

    5. The cell cycle is an attempt to explain the relation between interphase and metaphase.

  25. How does binary fission occur?

  26. a.

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    b.

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    d.

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    Bryan Bishop Cellular Division Test