9-29-06, Test Corrections for AP Practice Exam #2

Answers

e. all of the above

Cohesion causes surface tension. Intermolecular forces in water also cause surface tension. Simply `cohesion' is not a sufficient answer.

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/delia/bio212/glossary.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension#_ref-white_0

http://web.mit.edu/1.63/www/Lec-notes/Surfacetension/

d. 2.0

Molarity is defined as “moles per liter” or moles/liter. In this case, 171/342 grams = .5, and .5/.250 = 2.0 approximate molarity. I did not know the definition of molarity or “molecular weight” at the time of the test. The molecular weight is calculated as the sum of all of the atomic weights of the atoms in the molecules under consideration.

http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/respiration.html

d. 18 times

Cellular respiration produces 34 ATP molecules. Alcoholic fermentation creates roughly one molecule of ATP. Thus, cellular respiration is 18 times more effective.

http://wiki.cotch.net/index.php/Respiration

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html

d. The reaction is endergonic and “K” is less than 1

An exergonic reaction is one that leads to a decrease in the free energy available to the system. The situation described in the question suggests that there was an increase in the free energy of the system, which would refer to an endergonic reaction. Through the process of elimination (and getting “B” marked wrong), the next choice is “D”. K is not a variable in the Gibbs free energy equation.

http://www.2ndlaw.com/gibbs.html

http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/mole00/mole00194.htm

c. NADPH dehydrogenase

Ubiquinone (CoQ) functions as an electron carrier in the respiratory chain.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v209/n5024/abs/209711a0.html

Cytochrome reductase (Cyt c) is also an electron shuttle molecule in the mitochondrian respiratory chain.

http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/pathol/diagrams/mito.htm

Cytochrome reductase (COX) also plays a role.

http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/pathol/diagrams/mito.htm#complexIV

The document also suggests that NADH dehydrogenase plays a role in the respiratory chain, however, the answer choice is “NADPH dehydrogenase”, which does not appear in the respiratory chain.

e. plasma membrane

Technically, the plasma membrane is not specifically a part of the endomembrane system. The endomembrane system is aptly named for “that which is within the plasma membrane” and does not include its surrounding structure (the cell's plasma membrane).

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellMembranes.html

http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane.htm

b. plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata are the “cell-wall channels that allow symplastic connections between plant cells.” This coincidentally also provides for an easy method of propagating a virus throughout multicellular plants without multiple sites of penetration.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesmata

http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n3/glossary/nrg1002_glossary.html

d. there must be only two alleles present for each characteristic in the population

The Hardy-Weinberg theorem of equilibrium does not state that there must be only two alleles present for each characteristic in the population. On the contrary, and instead, there must be equal frequencies in males and females (no sex-linked gene frequencies in the initial population).

http://slack.ser.man.ac.uk/theory/association_hw.html

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hardy_Weinberg.html

b. allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation is where one species becomes two (divergent evolution) and there is no geographic isolation involved. Allopatric speciation is due to the evolution of reproductive mechanisms along with biogeographic separation (isolation). Adaptive radiation is a term used to describe the outburst of new species filling many new niches (etc.) after major extinctions and does not necessarily refer to inbreeding and biogeographical evolution.

http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/glossary/ab.htm

http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/glossary/s.htm

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/glossary.cfm

19. Which of the following groups compromises a strand of DNA?

Choice “D” is wrong because it includes amino acids, which are not in deoxyribonucleic acids. Amino acids are used to build proteins, not strands of DNA, though DNA does code for specific amino acids through the utilization of triplet codes.

http://www.blc.arizona.edu/Molecular_Graphics/DNA_Structure/DNA_Tutorial.HTML

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/DNA_structure.html

22. In terms of evolution, which of the following is closer to fungi on the family tree?

The ancestry of fungi is not well understood. Many textbooks still say that fungi are more closely related to plants. “Vilgalys said scientists estimate that the lineage that included both fungi and animals split off from other eukaryotes about 1 billion years ago, while fungi and plants separated about 600 million years ago.” This also helps to explain the morphological similarities between organisms of the fungal and plantae kingdoms.

http://www.vernonjohns.org/vernjohns/rnkingdm.html

http://dukenews.duke.edu/2006/10/fungi.html

e. a and b only

Shared ancestry is where there is indeed a shared ancestor, the studies revealing that the differences may be due to various selective pressures. Different organs that change in different ways are not in anyway shared across common ancestors (but how far back do we have to draw the line to declare something “not an ancestor” at all?). Organs evolving to carry out different functions and losing functions are examples of physiological studies concerning shared ancestry.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)

http://www.natcenscied.org/icons/icon3homology.html

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Homology.html

http://www.umass.edu/molvis/workshop/homolmod.htm

e. microevolution

The choice “d” is incorrect because macroevolution refers to larger-scale examples of evolution, such as finches evolving into something resembling fungi over billions of years (as an extreme example). Microevolution refers to the small-scale changes that are a result of the changes in hereditary and genome due to the dominance and recessiveness of sickle-cell disease, industrial melanism (the brown-white English moth example), and Darwin's finches. The story behind his finches was that there were multiple different shapes of beaks for the finches across a number of geographically close (yet isolated) islands. The differences in the shapes of the beaks of the finches is the example of microevolution.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IVMicroevolution.shtml

http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB902.html

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/genetics_microevolution.html

http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.html

e. mitochondria and prokaryotes are both found in a variety

Although true, this would have to be one of the weakest points of evidence provided to support the guess that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes. The other options had more validity, not less, and that's why “B” is the incorrect answer.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/history_24

http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/luckie/margulis.html

Analogous structures are those that have evolved for some specific function and not because of some sort of common ancestry between the two species with the said structures that are under consideration. Homologous structures are those that are similar in shape due to common descent (common ancestry).

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossA.html

http://www.ualr.edu/~botany/systnotes.html

The dark moths are more fit for evading the birds in the polluted forests, since the trees are literally much darker than the average green trees that birds would find themselves around. Additionally, the birds are unable to target the darker moths, and if that is untrue, the birds do not find the color to be saying “this is food, eat me”.

http://www.smccd.net/accounts/bucher/melanism.htm

http://members.tripod.com/aslodge/id62.htm

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/OneGene/peppered.html

http://web.nmsu.edu/~wboeckle/biston.html

http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/Moths/moths.html

Pesticides are chemical compounds that specifically disable the offending species. The problem with prolonged use of pesticides over many generations is that the remaining members of the population will be immune to that method of genocide.

http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/core-tutorial/module06/index.html

http://web.nmsu.edu/~wboeckle/chap18.html

http://entweb.clemson.edu/pesticid/Issues/resistan.htm

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/resistance.html

The pH of human arterial blood is about 7.4, suggesting that enzyme #5 is one that would be able to function in the bloodstream of humans. Additionally, enzymes #1 and #2 do not function at the temperatures of the human body and thus are unlikely to function within the bloodstream (a component of the human body).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=347466

Exponential growth of the sort (current population size)*(current population size) matches the given graph, suggesting that this is an exponential growth rate being expressed.

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/2004/es399/lec10.html

http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/campbl52.htm

46. The biotic and abiotic resources a species uses in its environment.

The biotic and abiotic resources a species uses in its environment is related to its niche. Based off of its niche, it can be determined what sort of resources the population of organisms requires.

http://www.idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season4/ecology/facts.html

http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ecology.html

http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/revecology.html

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ecology/Ecosystems

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/ecologybi04.html

Review the following terms and vocabulary words

Words: basilisk lizards, water tension, surface tension, oxygen, hydrogen, cohesion, hydrogen bonds, sucrose, molecular weight, approximate molarity, hydrogen ions, pH, solution, free energy in a system, glucose, alcoholic fermentation, cellular respiration, exergonic, endergonic, glycolysis, products of glycolysis, ATP, NADH, NAD+, respiratory chain, NADH reductase, cytochrome reducatse, NADPH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome oxidase, endomembrane system, organelle, nucleus, vesicles, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, intracellular junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, desmosomes, gap junctions, communicating junctions, Lynn Margulis, symbiotic relationships, mitochondria, nuclei, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, algae, bacteria, hydra, cnidarians, fungi, protists, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, population, migration, alleles, natural selection, compound light microscope, ribosomes, viruses, inbreeding, geographic ranges, sympatric speciation, allopatric speciation, adaptive radiation, polyploidy speciation, expaptation, savanna, grasses, trees, insects, primary producer, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, prokaryotes, temperature of the Earth, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, DNA, phosphate groups, amino acids, speciation, gradualism, punctuated gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, sympatric speciation, allotropic speciation, fungi, eubacteria, archae, viruses, animals, plants, RNA, cDNA, mRNA, tRNA, radioactive isotopes, fossils, half-life, properties of water, properties of ice, density of ice, insulation of water, hydrogen bonds, double bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, peppered moth, air pollution, moth-eating birds, abated, mutation, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, centriole, shared ancestry, anatomical comparison studies, opportunistic (or r-strategy) organisms, sexual maturity, aduilt size, Darwin's finches, industrial melanism, sickle-cell disease, coevolution, macroevolution, microevolution, enzyme pathways, predator-prey relationships, camouflage, penguins, dolphins, analogous structures, homologous structures, vestigial structures, homozygous structures, morphological types, pest species (rats, roaches), pesticides, human bloodstream, human anatomy in general, human physiology, small intestine of the human, Yellowstone Park, hot springs in Yellowstone Park, squirrels, geographic areas, Connecticut, logistic growth, probable growth, R-selected growth, K-selected growth, exponential growth, ecologist, biogeographic area, food web for the community, energy flow, autotrophs, secondary consumers, carnivores, savanna ecosystem, lichen, bushes, insects, rodents, grasses, anatomic similarity, biotic resources, abiotic resources, species,

Bryan Bishop AP Practice Exam #2

Test of 9/28/06 - Corrections