author: 'kanzure@gmail.com'
license: 'GPL2+'
urls:
- "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain&oldid=303470767"
citations: #unorganized
- cytoarchitektonik: "Constantin von Economo & Georg N. Koskinas (1925). Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Vienna and Berlin: Julius Springer."
see also:
- "Atlas of cytoarchitectonics of the adult human cerebral cortex"
- "Zellaufbau der Großhirnrinde"
- "The cellular architecture of the cerebral cortex"
- "Die cytoarchitektonik der hirnrinde des erwachsenen menschen"
- "Meynert, T. (1872) Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch–anatomischen Corollarium. J.H. Heuser’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Neuwied & Leipzig."
- "Campbell, A.W. (1903) Histological studies on cerebral localisation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 72: 488-492."
- "Elliot Smith, G. (1907) A new topographical survey of the human cerebral cortex, being an account of the distribution of the anatomically distinct cortical areas and their relationship to the cerebral sulci. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (London) 41: 237-254."
- "Brodmann, K. (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig."
- "Garey, L.J. (2006) Brodmann’s Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. Springer Science, New York."
- "Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (1925) Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Julius Springer, Vienna."
- "Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (2008) Atlas of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex (translated, revised and edited by L.C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel."
queries:
#useful search terms
- "cytoarchitectonic map"
- "brodmann areas"
- "von economo"
- "neuroanatomy"
rhombencephalon:
name: hindbrain
myelencephalon:
medulla oblongata:
medullary pyramids:
medullary cranial nerve nuclei:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[cranial nerve nuclei]]"
inferior salivatory nucleus:
nucleus ambiguus:
dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve:
hypoglossal nucleus:
solitary nucleus:
metencephalon:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[metencephalon]]"
pons:
respiratory centres:
pneumotactic centre:
apneustic centre:
pontine cranial nerve nuclei:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[cranial nerve nuclei]]"
chief nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[trigeminal nerve]]"
motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve:
abducens nucleus:
facial nerve nucleus:
vestibulocochlear nerve nuclei:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[vestibulocochlear nerve]]"
- !wikipedia "[[vestibular nuclei]]"
- !wikipedia "[[cochlear nuclei]]"
superior salivatory nucleus:
paramedian pontine reticular formation:
cerebellum:
cerebellum vermis:
cerebellar hemispheres:
anterior lobe:
posterior lobe:
flocculonodular lobe:
cerebellar nuclei:
fastigial nucleus:
globose nucleus:
emboliform nucleus:
dentate nucleus:
mesencephalon:
name: midbrain
links:
- !wikipedia "[[mesencephalon]]"
tectum:
inferior colliculi:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[inferior colliculus]]"
superior colliculi: &superior-colliculi
links:
- !wikipedia "[[superior colliculus]]"
mesencephalic duct:
name: cerebral aqueduct, Aqueduct of Sylvius
cerebral peduncle:
midbrain tegmentum:
ventral tegmental areas: &ventral-tegmental-areas
characteristics:
- !supplies dopamine to nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex #reward learning
- GABA
- glutamate neurons
diseases:
#overactivity of VTA dopaminergic projections
- *schizophrenia
red nucleus:
crus cerebri:
pretectum:
prosencephalon:
name: forebrain
links:
- !wikipedia "[[prosencephalon]]"
diencephalon:
epithalamus:
pineal gland:
name: pineal body
habenular nuclei:
stria medullares:
tenia thalami:
third ventricle:
thalamus:
anterior nuclear group:
anteroventral nucleus:
anterodorsal nucleus:
anteromedial nucleus:
medial nuclear group:
medial dorsal nucleus:
midline nuclear group:
paratenial nucleus:
reuniens nucleus:
rhomboidal nucleus:
intralaminar nuclear group:
centromedial nucleus:
parafascicular nucleus:
paracentral nucleus:
central lateral nucleus:
central medial nucleus:
lateral nuclear group:
lateral dorsal nucleus:
lateral posterior nucleus:
pulvinar:
ventral nuclear group:
ventral anterior nucleus:
ventral lateral nucleus:
ventral posterior nucleus:
ventral posterior lateral nucleus:
ventral posterior medial nucleus:
metathalamus:
medial geniculate body:
lateral geniculate body:
thalamic reticular nucleus:
hypothalamus:
name: limbic system, HPA axis #or should this be a list?
links:
- !wikipedia "[[limbic system]]"
- !wikipedia "[[hypothalamus]]"
- !wikipedia "[[HPA axis]]"
anterior:
medial area:
parts of preoptic area:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[preoptic area]]"
medial preoptic nucleus:
suprachiasmatic nucleus:
paraventricular nucleus:
supraoptic nulcues:
notes:
- mainly (according to wikipedia)
anterior hypothalamic nucleus:
lateral area:
parts of preoptic area:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[preoptic area]]"
lateral preoptic nucleus:
lateral hypothalamus:
name: lateral nucleus
localization: anterior
shares: #is the lateral anterior region of the diencephalon's hypothalamus part of the supraoptic nucleus?
- *supraoptic-nucleus
other nuclei of preoptic area:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[preoptic area]]"
median preoptic nucleus:
periventricular preoptic nucleus:
tuberal:
medial area:
dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus:
ventromedial nucleus:
arcuate nucleus:
lateral area:
lateral hypothalamus:
name: lateral nucleus
localization: tuberal
lateral tuberal nuclei:
posterior:
medial area:
mammillary nuclei:
part of: mammillary bodies
posterior nucleus:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[posterior nucleus (hypothalamus)]]"
lateral area:
lateral nucleus:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[lateral hypothalamus]]"
localization: posterior
optic chiasm:
subfornical organ:
periventricular nucleus:
infundibulum: #wtf
tuber cinereum:
tuberal nucleus:
tuberomamillary nuclues:
tuberal region:
mammillary bodies:
mammillary nucleus:
subthalamus:
name: subthalamus
links:
- !wikipedia "[[subthalamus]]"
- !wikipedia "[[HPA axis]]"
thalamic nucleus:
zona incerta:
pituitary gland:
name: pituitary gland
links:
- !wikipedia "[[pituitary gland]]"
- !wikipedia "[[HPA axis]]"
neurohypophysis:
localization: posterior #posterior pituitary
links:
- !wikipedia "[[posterior pituitary]]"
intermediate pituitary:
adenohypophysis:
localization: anterior #anterior pituitary
links:
- !wikipedia "[[anterior pituitary]]"
anterior pituitary prolactin: &anterior-pituitary-prolactin !secretion
secretes:
- prolactin
inhibited by:
#inhibited by dopamine (neurohormone) from the hypothalamus
- *dopamine
telencephalon:
name: cerebrum
links:
- !wikipedia "[[telencephalon]]"
- !wikipedia "[[cerebrum]]"
- !wikipedia "[[cerebral hemisphere]]s"
white matter:
corona radiata:
internal capsule:
external capsule:
extreme capsule:
arcuate fasciculus:
uncinate fasciculus:
subcortical:
amygdala:
name: paleopallium
links:
- !wikipedia "[[limbic system]]"
- !wikipedia "[[limbic lobe]]"
- !wikipedia "[[paleopallium]]"
central nucleus:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[autonomic nervous system]]"
medial nucleus:
links:
- !wikipedia "[[accessory olfactory system]]"
cortical nucleus:
shares:
- *main-olfactory-system
basomedial nuclei:
shares:
- *main-olfactory-system
lateral nucleus:
shares:
- *frontotemporal-cortical-system
basolateral nuclei:
shares:
- *frontotemporal-cortical-system
base head: &archipallium
name: archipallium
links:
- !wikipedia "[[archipallium]]"
- !wikipedia "[[limbic system]]"
- !wikipedia "[[limbic lobe]]"
dentate gyrus:
cornu ammonis:
notes:
- CA fields
claustrum:
basal ganglia: &basal-ganglia
names:
- "basal ganglia"
- "basal nuclei"
links:
- !wikipedia "[[basal ganglia]]"
- !wikipedia "[[Anatomical subdivisions and connections of the basal ganglia]]"
- International Basal Ganglia Society: !link "http://www.ibags.info/"
diseases:
- "movement disorders"
#degeneration of the dopamine cells in the substantia nigra
- *parkinsons
#damage to the striatium
- *huntingtons
- *tourettes
- *obsessive-compulsive-disorder
functions:
- *motor-control
- *learning
- *action-selection
#signals from the prefrontal cortex -> behavior switching
- *prefrontal-cortex-behavior-switching
- motivation:
see:
- *nucleus-accumbens
- *ventral-pallidium
- *ventral-tegmental-areas
notes:
- "dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the NA play a central role in the reward system"
- "Animals with stimulating electrodes implanted along this pathway will bar-press very energetically if each press is followed by a brief pulse of electrical current."
inhibitory to:
- motor systems #thus causing activity in those systems
connections:
direct pathway:
path: cortex -> striatium -> GPi -> thalamus -> cortex
notes:
- two of these links are excitatory
- two of these links are inhibitory
- net effect is excitatory
- the cortex excites itself via the direct pathway
indirect pathway:
path: cortex -> striatum -> GPe -> STN -> GPi -> thalamus -> cortex
notes:
- three of these links are inhibitory
- two of these links are excitatory
- net effect is inhibitory
- the cortex inhibits itself via the indirect pathway
neurotransmitters:
glutamate: #GABA
effect: inhibitory #GABA inhibits the basal ganglia in general
acetylcholine:
localization: *striatum
dopamine:
#used by the projection from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum, and also in the analagous projection from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens
IBAGS structure:
description: "structure according to the International Basal Ganglia Societ"
striatium:
pallidium:
nuclei1:
nuclei2:
substantia nigra:
part1:
part2:
subthalamic nucleus:
see also:
#Percheron et al. (1991)
- *centre-median-parafascicular-of-the-thalamus
#Mena-Segovia et al. (2004)
- *pedunculopontine-complex
striatum: *archipallium &striatum
description: "receives dendritic input from many brain regions but only has axons to other regions of the basal ganglia."
putamen:
caudate nucleus:
nucleus accumbens: &nucleus-acumbens &ventral-striatium
names:
- nucleus accumbens
- ventral striatium
inputs:
- *cerebral-cortex
outputs:
- !combination
internal regions:
- internal segment of the globus pallidius (GPe)
- reticular part of the substantia nigra (SNr)
to: *thalamus
- basal ganglia striatum to pallidium:
via: *subthalamic-nucleus
to: *pallidium
pallidium: &pallidium
#is this the same thing as ventral pallidium?
input from: #archipallium/striatum
- *striatum
output:
- !inhibits *thalamus-region-that-projects-into-motor-related-areas-of-the-cortex
globus pallidus:
shares:
- *nucleus-lentiforms
- *putamen
subthalamic nucleus:
input:
- *striatium
output:
- *pallidium
substantia nigra: &substantia-nigra
similar to: *pallidium
output:
- !dopamine !to *striatium
ventral pallidium: &ventral-pallidium
ventral tegmental areas: *ventral-tegmental-areas
rhinencephalon: &paleopallium
name: paleopallium
olfactory bulb:
piriform cortex:
anterior olfactory nucleus:
olfactory tract:
anterior commissure:
lateral ventricles:
allocortex:
names:
- "heterotypic cortex"
notes:
- "has less than 6 layers"
- "the other 10% if 90% of the cerebral cortex is the neocortex"
includes:
- *olfactory-cortex
- *hippocampus
archicortex:
paleocortex:
cerebral cortex: &neopallium
names:
- neopallium
- isocortex
- homotypic cortex
characteristics:
- pyramidal neurons: 80% #excitatory
- interneurons: 20% #inhibitory
- sulci #deep grooves
- gyri #wrinkles
- gender differences:
male:
neurons: 23 billion
matter: grey #primarily more grey matter
female:
neurons: 19 billion
matter: white #primarily more white matter
notes:
- "sulci and gyri allow more cortical columns to be packed into the human brain, allowing for improved working memory"
- "in humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex"
- "all mammals have six layers of neocortex"
layers: #of the neocortex
1:
2:
3:
4: #receives sensory information from the thalamus
5:
6:
neocortical columns:
diameter: 0.5mm
depth: 2mm
neurons: 60k #FIXME: see Markram's claim
total: 500k #500k neocortical columns in the human brain
frontal lobe:
cortex:
precentral gyrus:
name: primary motor cortex
abbreviation: M1
shares:
- *brodmann-area-4
brodmann area 4: &brodmann-area-4
prefrontal cortex:
supplementary motor cortex:
premotor cortex:
frontal eye fields: &frontal-eye-fields
description: "initation of eye movements; voluntary saccades; pursuit eye movements"
abbreviation: FEF
shares:
- *superior-colliculus-&-medial-dorsal-nucleus-&-FEF-ascending-pathway
characteristics:
- visual response time: 40..60ms
- auditory response time: 30..60ms
see also:
- *brodmann-area-6
- *brodmann-area-8
- *brodmann-area-9
- *brodmann-area-10
- *brodmann-area-11
- *brodmann-area-12
- *brodmann-area-24
- *brodmann-area-25
- *brodmann-area-32
- *brodmann-area-33
- *brodmann-area-44
- *brodmann-area-45
- *brodmann-area-46
- *brodmann-area-47
gyrus:
superior frontal gyrus:
middle frontal gyrus:
inferior frontal gyrus:
anterior to:
- *parietal-lobe
- *temporal-lobe
above to:
- *temporal-lobe
disease:
- schizophrenia: !disease
indicators:
- poor axon myelination
connections: #don't know if I like this section or not
- thalamic connection: *thalamus
neurotransmitters:
- dopamine
temporal lobe: &temporal-lobe
cortex:
primary auditory cortex:
abbreviation: A1
shares:
#41 & 42 "sort of" correspond to A1
- *brodmann-area-41
- *brodmann-area-42
A2:
inferior temporal cortex:
posterior inferior temporal cortex:
gyrus:
superior temporal gyrus:
middle temporal gyrus:
inferior temporal gyrus:
fusiform gyrus:
parahippocampal gyrus:
brodmann area:
see also:
- *brodmann-area-9
- *brodmann-area-20
- *brodmann-area-21
- *brodmann-area-22
- *brodmann-area-27
- *brodmann-area-34
- *brodmann-area-35
- *brodmann-area-36
- *brodmann-area-37
- *brodmann-area-38
- *brodmann-area-41
- *brodmann-area-42
parietal lobe: &parietal-lobe
cortex:
primary somatosensory cortex:
abbreviation: S1
shares:
- *brodmann-area-1
- *brodmann-area-2
- *brodmann-area-3
S2:
posterior parietal cortex:
gyrus:
postcentral gyrus: &primary-sensory-cortex
name: primary somesthetic area
links:
- !wikipedia "[[primary sensory cortex]]"
- !wikipedia "[[postcentral gyrus]]"
other:
precuneus:
brodmann areas:
shares:
- *brodmann-area-1
- *brodmann-area-2
- *brodmann-area-3
- *brodmann-area-5
- *brodmann-area-7
- *brodmann-area-23
- *brodmann-area-26
- *brodmann-area-29
- *brodmann-area-31
- *brodmann-area-39
- *brodmann-area-40
- *primary-sensory-cortex
occipital lobe:
cortex:
primary visual cortex: &primary-visual-cortex
abbreviation: V1
shares:
- *brodmann-area-17
V2:
gyrus:
lateral occipital gyrus:
other:
cuneus:
brodmann areas:
shares:
- *brodmann-area-17
- *brodmann-area-18
- *brodmann-area-19
insular cortex:
cingulate cortex:
subgenual area 25:
anterior cingulate:
posterior cingulate:
retrosplenial cortex: &retrosplenial-cortex
name: retrosplenial region
links:
- !wikipedia "[[retrosplenial region]]"
indusium griseum:
brodmann areas:
shares:
- *brodmann-area-23
- *brodmann-area-24
- *brodmann-area-26
- *brodmann-area-29
- *brodmann-area-30
- *brodmann-area-31
- *brodmann-area-32
- *retrosplenial-cortex
neural pathways:
arcuate fasciculus:
cerebral peduncle:
corpus callosum:
pyramidal tract:
name: corticospinal tract
major dopamine pathways:
mesocortical pathway:
mesolimbic pathway:
nigrostriatal pathway:
tuberinfundibular pathway:
major serotonin pathways:
raphe nuclei:
motor systems:
name: volition #wtf wikipedia?
muscle:
extrapyramidal systems:
pyramidal tract:
alpha system:
gamma system:
nerves:
spinal cord:
brain stem:
cranial nerves:
cranial nerve: &cranial-nerve-0
id: 0
olfactory nerve: &cranial-nerve-1
id: 1
optic nerve: &cranial-nerve-2
id: 2
occulomotor nerve: &cranial-nerve-3
id: 3
trochlear nerve: &cranial-nerve-4
id: 4
trigeminal nerve: &cranial-nerve-5
id: 5
abducens nerve: &cranial-nerve-6
id: 6
facial nerve: &cranial-nerve-7
id: 7
vestibulochoclear nerve: &cranial-nerve-8
id: 8
glossopharyngeal nerve: &cranial-nerve-9
id: 9
vagus nerve: &cranial-nerve-10
id: 10
accessory nerve: &cranial-nerve-11
id: 11
hypoglossal nerve: &cranial-nerve-12
id: 12
neuroendocrine system:
HPA axis:
circulatory systems:
name: vascular systems
venous systems:
arterial systems:
name: circle of Willis
blood-brain barrier:
blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier:
dural meningeal system:
brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier:
meningeal coverings:
dura mater:
arachnoid mater:
pia mater
epidural space:
subdural space:
arachnoid septum:
ventricular system:
cerebrospinal fluid:
subarachnoid space:
third ventricle:
fourth ventricle:
lateral ventricles:
anterior horn:
body of lateral ventricle:
inferior horn:
posterior horn:
superior cistern:
cistern of lamina terminalis:
chaismatic cistern:
interpeduncular cistern:
pontine cistern:
cisterna magna:
spinal subarachnoid space:
mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway:
ventral tegmental areas: *ventral-tegmental-areas
nucleus acumbens: *nucleus-acumbens
localization: !in ventral striatum #the nucleus acumbens is in the ventral striatum
characteristics:
- neurons:
name: medium spiny neurons
references:
- "Zhang TA, Maldve RE, Morrisett RA. 2006. Coincident signaling in mesolimbic structures underlying alcohol reinforcement. Biochemical Pharmacology 72:919-27"
- "Purves D et al. 2008. Neuroscience. Sinauer 4ed. 754-56"
shell:
name: limbic region
core:
name: motor region
medium spiny neurons:
dendrites:
neurotransmitters:
- dopamine
- glutamate
from:
- dopaminergic neurons of the ventral-tegmental-areas
- glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus
- glutamatergic neurons of the amygdala
- glutamatergic neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex
axons:
neurotransmitters:
- GABA #medium spiny neurons mostly release GABA
to:
- *ventral-pallidium #part of the basal ganglia
neurotransmitters:
dopamine:
name:
- "2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine"
- "3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine"
- "3-hydroxytyramine"
- "DA"
- "intropin"
- "revivan"
- "oxytyramine"
formula: C8H11NO2
molar mass: 153.18 g/mol
melting point: 128 °C, 401 K, 262 °F
solubility in water: 60.0 g/100 ml
precursor: *levodopa
characteristics:
- !blood-brain-barrier blocked #doesn't pass the barrier
#not so sure about the following syntax.
- !inhibits *anterior-pituitary-prolactin
produced by: #from
- *substantia-nigra
- *ventral-tegmental-areas
#dopamine is released by the hypothalamus as a neurohormone
- *hypothalamus
inhibits:
- *anterior-pituitary-prolactin
links:
- !wikipedia "[[dopamine]]"
- !cas 51-61-6
- !pubchem 681
- !chemspider 661
notes:
- "Administration of the dopamine precursor levodopa enhances learning in healthy subjects and stroke patients"
neurotransmitter receptors:
dopamine receptors:
D1:
D2:
D3:
D4:
D5:
levodopa: &levodopa
names:
- "L-DOPA"
- "levodopa"
- "(S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid"
links:
- !wikipedia "[[L-DOPA]]"
- !cas 59-92-7
- !atc N04BA01
- !pubchem 6047
- !drugbank APRD00309
- !chemspider 5824
formula: C9H11NO4
molar mass: 197.19 g/mol
pharmokinetic data:
half life: 0.75–1.5 hours
excretion: renal 70–80%
legal status: OTC
routes: *oral
#might as well
routes of administration:
links:
- "http://web.archive.org/web/20071022035644/http://www.fda.gov/cder/dsm/DRG/drg00301.htm" #where most of this is from
entereal:
description: "desired effect is systemic (non-local), substance is given via the digestive tract."
oral: &oral
fda code: 001
nci concept id: C38288
gastric feeding tube:
duodenal feeding tube:
gastrostomy:
rectal:
topical:
description: "local effect, substance is applied directly where its action is desired."
epicutaneous:
description: "application onto the epidermis (skin)"
inhalation:
enema:
eye drops:
ear drops:
intranasal:
vaginal: #e.g., topical estrogens
parenteral:
description: "desired effect is systemic, substance is given by routes other than the digestive tract."
eye movements:
see:
- *supplementary-eye-fields
- *intraparietal-sulci
- *superior-colliculi
- *frontal-eye-fields
Broca speech area: &broca-speech
localization: left #left brodmann area 44
shares:
- *brodmann-area-44
Broca language area: &broca-language
localization: left #left brodmann area 45
shares:
- *brodmann-area-45
brodmann areas:
1: *primary-somatosensory-cortex
2: *primary-somatosensory-cortex
3: *primary-somatosensory-cortex
4: *primary-motor-cortex
5: *somatosensory-association-cortex
6:
shares:
- *premotor-cortex
#secondary motor cortex or supplementary motor area
- *secondary-motor-cortex
- *supplementary-motor-area
7: *somatosensory-association-cortex
8: *frontal-eye-fields
9: *dorsolateral-prefrontal-cortex
10: *anterior-prefrontal-cortex
#most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri
11: *orbitofrontal-area
#orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus
12: *orbitofrontal-area
#used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus
13: *insular-cortex
14: *insular-cortex
15: *anterior-temporal-lobe
#FIXME: 16?
17: *primary-visual-cortex
#V1
18: *secondary-visual-cortex
#V2
19: *associative-visual-cortex
#V3
20: *inferior-temporal-gyrus
21: *middle-temporal-gyrus
22: *superior-temporal-gyrus
23: *posterior-cingulate-cortex
localization: ventral #ventral posterior-cingulate cortex
24: *anterior-cingulate-cortex
localization: ventral #ventral anterior cingulate cortex
25: *subgenual-cortex
26: *ectosplenial-area
27: *piriform-cortex
28: *entorhinal-cortex
localization: posterior
29: *retrosplenial-cingulate-cortex
30: *cingulate-cortex
#er, part of it
#FIXME: maybe should be *posterior-cingulate-cortex?
31: *cingulate-cortex
localization: dorsal posterior
32: *cingulate-cortex
localization: dorsal anterior
33: *cingulate-cortex
localization: anterior
34: *entorhinal-cortex
shares:
- *parahippocampal-gyrus
localization: anterior
35: *perirhinal-cortex
shares:
- *parahippocampal-gyrus
36: *perirhinal-cortex
shares:
- *parahippocampal-gyrus
37: *fusiform-gyrus
38: *temporopolar-area
#rostral parat of the superior and middle temporal gyri
localization: rostral
shares:
- *superior-temporal-gyri
- *middle-temporal-gyri
39: *angular-gyrus
notes:
- "considered by some to be part of Wernicke's area"
shares:
- *wernicke-area
40: *supramarginal-gyrus
notes:
- "considered by some to be part of Wernicke's area"
shares:
- *wernicke-area
41: *primary-association-cortex
42: *auditory-association-cortex
43: *subcentral-area
notes:
- "between insula and post/precentral gyrus"
44: *pars-opercularis
shares:
- *broca-area
45: *pars-triangularis
shares:
- *broca-area
46: *prefrontal-cortex
localization: dorsolateral
#47 - inferior prefrontal gyrus
47: *gyrus
localization: inferior prefrontal
48: *retrosubicular-area
notes:
- "a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe"
shares:
- *medial-surface-of-the-temporal-lobe
52: *parainsular-area
notes:
- "at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula"
shares:
- !junction
- *temporal-lobe
- *insula
sulci:
gyri:
notes:
- "increased left frontal lobe gyrification in autism"
- "schizophrenia development with increased gyrification in brodmann areas 9 & 10"
-
parkinsons: &parkinsons
names:
- "Parkinson's disease"
- "paralysis of the will"
adderall: &adderall
mechanisms of action:
- "enhanced dopaminergic activity, primarily in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway"
- "binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT) and blocks the transporter's ability to clear dopamine (DA) from the synapse"
- "In addition, amphetamine is transported into the cell, which leads to dopamine efflux (DA is transported out of the cell and into the synaptic space via reverse transport of the DAT)."
- "inhibits monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-A and MAO-B)"
- "releases more neurotransmitters into the synapse, and prolongs their availibility by slowing their removal"
- "blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine"
- "inhibits reuptake of monoamines"
- "Amphetamines are similar in structure to dopamine, and so can enter the terminal button of the presynaptic neuron via its dopamine transporters as well as by diffusing through the neural membrane directly. once inside the presynaptic neuron, amphetamines force the dopamine molecules out of their storage vesicles and expel them into the synaptic gap by making the dopamine transporters work in reverse."
- "Amphetamines may also excite dopaminergic neurons via glutamate neurons. Amphetamines would thus remove an inhibiting effect due to metabotropic glutamate receptors. By thus releasing this natural brake, amphetamines would make the dopaminergic neurons more readily excitable."
- "both the releasing AMPH and uptake-inhibiting actions of MPH and AMPH and related compounds are mediated by the catecholamine uptake transporter which has been studied for over 40 years"
- "DA transporter protein direction is reversed by the presence of AMPH; once the DA transporter protein takes AMPH into the cell, it releases AMPH and takes DA out of the cell on its journey back towards the outside of the cell"
- ""
- "alternates between salts every 120 minutes"
side effects:
- "dry mouth causes bad breath"
inhibits:
- MAO-A
- MAO-B
methylphenidate:
abbreviation: MPH
notes:
- "one protein (SNAP 25) is responsible for action-potential-related migration of presynaptic catecholamine vesicles, which, when this protein is altered, results in a lack of MPH responsiivity" #Steffensen SC, Henriksen SJ, Wilson MC. Transgenic rescue of SNAP-25 restores dopamine-modulated synaptic transmission in the coloboma mutant. Brain Res 1999;847:186-195